Newspapers
Cappers Weekly, October 19, 1946. Arthur Capper Papers, Kansas State Historical Society Archives, Topeka, Kansas.
Chicago Daily Tribune, May 2, 1942. Chicago Tribune, 1849–2024. https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/paper/chicago-tribune/4351/
Cody Enterprise,(WY), January 20, 1950.Wyoming Digital Newspaper Collection, University of Wyoming and Wyoming State Library, Laramie, Wyoming.
Hāto Maunten Senchineru, (Heart Mountain, WY), October 24, 1942. Japanese edition of Heart Mountain Sentinel, 1942-1945. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress Photoduplication Service.
Heart Mountain Sentinel, (Heart Mountain, WY), 1942-1945. Japanese camp papers [microform]. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress Photoduplication Service.
Blackstock, Joe. Inland Valley Daily Bulletin, (Ontario, CA), May 5, 2012.
Maushard, Lawrence J. October 2, 2013, “When Portland did more than follow orders,” Blueoregon, (Portland, OR).
Powell Tribune, (WY). Wyoming Digital Newspaper Collection, University of Wyoming and Wyoming State Library, Laramie, Wyoming.
The Wyoming Eagle, (WY). Wyoming Digital Newspaper Collection, University of Wyoming and Wyoming State Library, Laramie, Wyoming.
Wyoming State Tribune, 1942. Wyoming Digital Newspaper Collection, University of Wyoming and Wyoming State Library, Laramie, Wyoming.
Archives and Public Records
Barber, Philip. “Center Living Conditions,” Community Analysis Section 1943-1945: The Heart Mountain Community, draft report and typescript, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Capper, Arthur. “The Shoshone Project, Bureau of Reclamation,” 1918-1948. Arthur Capper Papers, Kansas State Historical Society Archives, Topeka, Kansas.
Densho Encyclopedia. www.encyclopedia.densho.org.
Hirasaki National Resource Center, Japanese American National Museum, Los Angeles, California.
Homesteaders Museum, Powell Wyoming.
Hosokawa’s Resume 1943. Box 9, FF38, Bill Hosokawa papers (WH10895), Western History/Genealogy, Denver Public Library, Denver, Colorado.
Iwasaki, Hakaru. “Tom Oki presides at block meeting,” March 20, 1944. Ethel Ryan Collection (82.01.75.P), John Taggart Hinckley Library, Northwest College, Powell, Wyoming.
Knights, J. H. “Biography of James H. Knights papers,” 1912-1965. James H. Knights Papers, Collection No.- 02642, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming.
Mackey, Mike. A Brief History of the Heart Mountain Relocation Center and the Japanese American Experience. Ethel Ryan Collection, Heart Mountain Digital Preservation Project. John Taggart Hinckley Library, Northwest College, Powell, Wyoming.
Robertson, Guy. “Project Memorandum: Guy Robertson, to All Appointed Personnel,” (December 18, 1944). Japanese American Evacuation and Resettlement Records, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
The Exclusion Orders: Exclusion Dates, Number Evacuated, and Destinations of Japanese by Civilian Exclusion Order, December 30, 1942. WESTERN DEFENSE COMMAND AND FOURTH ARMY, Assist Chief of Staff for Civil Affairs, Wartime Civil Control Administration, Statistical Division; Japanese American National Museum
The Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, Powell, Wyoming.
Truman, Harry S. “Executive Order 9742: Termination and Liquidation of the War Relocation Authority,” June 25, 1946. Truman Papers, Truman Library, Independence, Missouri.
U.S., World War II Japanese-American Internment Camp Documents, 1942-1946 [database on-line]; Field Basic Documentation of the War Relocation Authority, 1942-1946; Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.
United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Shoshone Reclamation Project, Wyoming, Heart Mountain Division, General Location Map. Sept 18, 1946, Map. (5Y-5486).
Wyoming State Archives, Department of State Parks and Cultural Resources, State of Wyoming, Department of State Parks & Cultural Resources, Cheyenne, Wyoming.
DVDs and Films
“A Concentration Camp in America—One Man’s Experiences in the Heart Mountain Japanese Relocation Center near Cody Wyoming.” Excerpts from an interview of Bill Hosokawa by Historian Mark Junge, (October 22, 1991), Oral History Archives of the Wyoming Depart of State Parks & Cultural Resources, www.wyomingstories.com (Edited) BillHosokawaInterview.pdf.
Cozzens, Robert. Oral history interview conducted by Rosemary Levenson (1974), Japanese-American Relocation Reviewed, Volume II: The Internment; Establishment of the War Relocation authority: Site selection, The Online Archive of California: oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=ft1290031s;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=d0e927&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e764&brand=oac4
Donahue, Rachel, and Garrett Lindeman. Heart Mountain: An All-American Town, DVD. (Big Stagecoach Studio, 2012).
Farallon Films. Days of Waiting, DVD produced and directed by Steven Okazaki, (Berkeley, CA, 1990).
Heart Mountain: Three Years in a Relocation Center, DVD documentary interview hosted by Jan Yanehiro, (San Francisco: KCSM (1997).
War Relocation Authority. A Challenge to Democracy. 1942. The Best Film Archives: www.youtube.com/watch?v=OgkNaK6fviA
Interviews and Correspondence
Blackburn, Mary Ruth, personal papers contributed to authors by Ruth Blackburn Pfaff.
Kometani, Kizo. Personal papers contributed to the authors by Dorothy Kometani Kittaka, Sept 29, 2014.
Leggate, Jerry, “Project Summary of the Bureau of Reclamation, 1949,” Public Affairs Staff, Great Plains Division, Bureau of Reclamation. E-mail attachment to the authors, July 2012.
McRoberts, Ira C. (Ira Clay). Interview regarding the CCC in Yellowstone, March 10, 2001. Montana History Portal. Montana State Library. www.mtmemory.org/nodes/view/78254.
Tobin and Associates. www.tobin-assoc.com.
Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. “Heart Mountain Chimney Assessment PowerPoint Presentation.” March 2012. Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, Powell, Wyoming.
Books and Articles
Hanson, Asael T. “My Two Years at Heart Mountain: The Difficult Role of an Applied Anthropologist,” Japanese Americans: From Relocation to Redress, ed. Roger Daniels, Sandra C. Taylor and Harry H.L. Kitano. Germany: University of Washington Press, 2013.
Bazaldua, Barbara. A Boy of Heart Mountain: Story Inspired by the Experiences of Shigeru Yabu. Camarillo, CA: Yabitoon Books, 2010.
Brokaw, Tom. The Greatest Generation. New York: Random House, 1998.
Bureau of Reclamation, Great Plains Division. Project Summary of the Bureau of Reclamation for 1942. July 9, 2012.
Burton, Jeffrey F., Mary M. Farrell, Florence B. Lord, Richard W. Lord. Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2002.
Churchill, Beryl. Dam’s, Ditches and Water: A History of the Shoshone Reclamation Project.Cody, WY: Rustler Printing, 1979.
Conn, Stetson. Command Decisions: The Decision to evacuate the Japanese from the Pacific Coast. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1990.
Daniels, Roger. Prisoners without Trial: Japanese Americans in World War II. New York: Hill and Wang, 2004.
DeNevers, Klancy Clark. The Colonel and the Pacifist: Karl Bendetsen, Perry Saito and the Incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, 2004.
DeWitt, John L. Final Report: Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast, 1942. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1943.
Driver, Christian. Brewing Behind Barbed Wire: An Archaeology of Sake at Amache. Master’s Thesis. Denver, CO: University of Denver, 2015.
Fine, Lenore, and Jesse A. Remington. United States Army in World War II: The Technical Services—The Corps of Engineers: Construction in The United States. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, US Army, 1972.
Fiset, Louis. “The Heart Mountain Hospital Strike of June 24, 1943,” Remembering Heart Mountain: Essays on Japanese American Internment in Wyoming, ed.Mike Mackey. Powell, WY: Western History Publications, 1998.
Garner, John S. World War II Temporary Military Buildings: A Brief History of the Architecture and Planning of Cantonments and Training Station. Champagne, IL: United States Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, 1993.
Gawne, Jonathon. Finding Your Father’s War: A Practical Guide to Researching and Understanding Service in the World War II U.S. Army. Philadelphia, PA: Casemate Publishers, 2006.
Inouye, Mamoru, et al. The Heart Mountain Story: Photographs by Hansel Mieth and Otto Hagel of the World War II Internment of Japanese Americans, 1st ed. Los Gatos, CA: M. Inouye, 1997.
Inouye, Mamoru. “Heart Mountain High School 1942-1945,” Remembering Heart Mountain: Essays on Japanese American Internment in Wyoming, ed. Mike Mackey. Powell, WY: Western History Publications, 1998.
Irons, Peter. Justice at War: The Story of the Japanese American Internment Case. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.
Ishigo, Estelle. Lone Heart Mountain. Los Angeles, CA: Anderson, Ritchie and Simon, 1972.
Kessel, Velma. “Remembering the Heart Mountain Hospital,” Remembering Heart Mountain: Essays on Japanese American Internment in Wyoming. ed. Mike Mackey. Powell, WY: Western History Publishing, 2000.
King, Ray C. “We Are the Fortunate Few,” The Reclamation Era, 1948. London: Forgotten Books, 2018.
Krug, J. A., D.S. Myers. The Evacuated People: A Quantitate Description. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 30, 1946.
Lilliquist, Karl. “Chapter 4: Heart Mountain,” Imprisoned in the Desert: The Geography of World War II-era, Japanese American Relocation Centers in the Western United States. Pullman, WA: Washington State Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction and Central Washington University, September 2007.
Mackey, Mike. Heart Mountain: Life in Wyoming’s Concentration Camp.Powell, WY: Western History Publications, 2000.
Murray, Ester Johannson. A History of the North Fork of the Shoshone River. Cody, WY: Lone Eagle Multi Media, 1996.
Nakagawa, George. The Cross at Castle Rock: A Childhood Memoir. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, Inc., 2003.
Nakamura, Samuel. Nurse of Manzanar: Japanese American’s World War II Journey.Bellingham, WA: Samuel Nakamura, 2009.
Nelson, Douglas. Heart Mountain: The History of an American Concentration Camp. Madison, WI: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin for Department of History, University of Wisconsin, 1976.
Nishimoto, Richard S., et al. The Spoilage. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1968.
Oppenheim, Joanne. Stanley Hayami, Nisei Son: His Diary, Letters & Story from an American Concentration Camp to Battlefield 1942-1945. New York: Brick Tower Press, 2008.
Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1997.
Herbener, Rowland E. 475th Military Police Escort Guard Company, a Brief History: The Story of a Service Unit during WWII. MI: 2001.
Pfaff, Christine. The Bureau of Reclamation’s Civilian Conservation Corps Legacy: 1933-1942.Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 2010.
Prange, Gordon W. At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor. New York: Viking, 1991.
Rosenbaum, O.A., et al. “Seismic Rehabilitation of the Historic Smokestack at Heart Mountain Relocation Center.” Abstract presented at the Tenth U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering: Frontiers of Earthquake Engineering. Anchorage, AK: July 21-25, 2014.
Shibata, Grace Eto. Bend with the Wind: The Life, Family and Writings of Grace Eto Shibata, ed. Naomi Shibata. San Jose, CA: Shibata Family Limited Partnership, 2014.
tenBroek, Jacobus, et al. Prejudice, War, and the Constitution: Causes and Consequences of the Evacuation of Japanese Americans in World War II. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1968.
Wasch, Diane Shaw, Perry Bush, et al. World War II and the U.S. Army Mobilization Program: A History of 700 and 800 Series Cantonment Program. Historic American Buildings Survey / Historic American Engineering Record. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, (1998).
Wasden, Winifred Sawaya. Modern Pioneers. Powell, WY: Northwest College Production Printing, 1998.
Photographs
Air Force Historical Research Agency. Barracks Types. Theater of Operations, Marfa Army Airforce Base, TX. Photograph. www.afhra.af.mil/photos/igphoto/2000404525.
Albers, Clem. Military Police on duty in watch-tower at Santa Anita Park assembly center, Arcadia, California. April 6, 1942, WRA Photograph. National Archives, Washington, D.C.
Albers, Clem. Santa Anita Assembly. Arcadia, California. 1942, WRAP hotograph. National Archives, Washington, D.C.
Albers, Clem. Workmen erecting barracks at the Pomona Fairground, Pomona Assembly Center, California. April 8, 1942, WRA Photograph. National Archives, Washington, D.C.
Aoyama, Bud. Untitled. Photograph. Heart Mountain Digital Preservation Project: Ethel Ryan Collection, John T. Hinckley Library, Northwest College, Powell, Wyoming.
Coffey, Pat. A Session of the Court at Heart Mountain Relocation Center. June 4, 1943, Photograph. Series 5: Heart Mountain Relocation Center (Heart Mountain, Wyoming), 1942-1945. War Relocation Authority photographs: Japanese-American evacuation and resettlement. The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Davis, Myron. Japanese Americans at the Heart Mountain Relocation Camp 1942. Photograph. The LIFE Picture Collection/Shutterstock.
Eisenhand, Edward O. Workers build a reservoir in Cody, Wyoming. 1942, Photograph. Associated Press, www.apnews.com
Fowlkes, Julian F. Large crowds gathered to bid farewell to friends and acquaintances. Double fences had to be constructed to restrain the enthusiastic press of people. 1942, Photograph. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., www.loc.gov.
Fukui, Yone. The George Igawa Band at the Night School Dance in the Heart Mountain Gym. December 17, 1943, Photograph. Yone Fukui Collection, National Japanese American Historical Society, San Francisco, California.
Hagel, Otto. Hosokawa Family. 1942, Photograph. Center for Creative Photography, The University of Arizona Foundation, Tucson, Arizona.
Highsmit, Carol M. Hospital’s boiler house and smokestack at the onetime Heart Mountain Relocation Center in Park County, Wyoming. Photograph. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., www.loc.gov.
Hirahara, Frank and George. Heart Mountain police station and guard tower. 1944, Photograph. George and Frank C. Hirahara Photographs (sc14b01f0300n01). Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections (MASC), Washington State University Libraries, Pullman, Washington.
Hirahara, Frank and George. Two young men sitting in front of the Shimizu barrack. 1943-1945, Photograph. George and Frank C. Hirahara Photographs (scl4b01f0542n01). Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections (MASC), Washington State University Libraries, Pullman, Washington.
Hirahara, Frank. Heart Mountain High School gymnasium decorated for a school dance. March 17, 1944, Photograph. George and Frank C. Hirahara Photographs (sc14b01f0188n01a). Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections (MASC), Washington State University Libraries, Pullman, Washington.
Hirahara, George. Hawaiian Themed Band called the Surf Riders performing in a mess hall. 1943/1945, Photograph. George and Frank C. Hirahara Photographs (sc14b01f0085n09). Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections (MASC), Washington State University Libraries, Pullman, Washington.
Hirahara, George. Heart Mountain High School and parking lot. August 13, 1945, Photograph. George and Frank C. Hirahara Photographs (sc14b01f0258n01). Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections (MASC), Washington State University Libraries, Pullman, Washington.
Hirahara, George. Woman holding a baby. 1943/1945, Photograph. George and Frank C. Hirahara Photographs (sc14b01f0066n05b). Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections (MASC), Washington State University Libraries, Pullman, Washington.
Hosokawa, Bill. A group of Heart Mountain high school students gathers around the entrance to the principal’s office with Ralph Forsythe, assistant principal. June 1943, Photograph. War Relocation Authority photographs: Japanese-American evacuation and resettlement (WRA no. B-562 [recto]). The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Internment Archives. Lunch time at the Santa Anita Assembly Center. April 6, 1942, Photograph. Photos of Assembly Center Operations, www.internmentarchives.com.
Iwasaki, Hakaru. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Yoshio Kodama and their small son Robert, Jr., Heart Mountain, Wyoming. March 18, 1944, Photograph. War Relocation Authority photographs: Japanese-American evacuation and resettlement, (WRA no. I-76). The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Iwasaki, Hakaru. Optometrist Wright Kawakami examines the eyes of Al Tanouye. November 18, 1943, Photograph. War Relocation Authority photographs: Japanese-American evacuation and resettlement, (BANC PIC 1967.014-PIC). The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Iwasaki, Hikaru. It’s Refreshment Time at the Heart Mountain U.S.O. March 8, 1944, Photograph. War Relocation Authority photographs: Japanese-American evacuation and resettlement (BANC PIC 1967.014-PIC). The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Kubo, Yone. Police staff showing police in uniforms. Photograph. Yone Kubo Collection, Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, Powell, Wyoming
Kudo, Yone. Departure from Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming. July 1945, Photograph. National Archives, Washington D.C.
La Violette, Forrest. Power Center, Heart Mountain Relocation Center, Wyoming. 1943, Photograph. George and Frank C. Hirahara Photographs (SOC10905). Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections (MASC), Washington State University Libraries, Pullman, Washington.
Lange, Dorothea. “I am an American” sign on the store front on December 8, 1941. Photograph. National Archives, Washington, D.C.
Maeda, Satoru. Photograph of a watchtower at the Heart Mountain incarceration camp. 1942-1943, Photograph. Satoru Maeda Heart Mountain Photo Album, California State University Japanese American Digitization Project. Gerth Archives and Special Collections, CSU Dominguez Hills.
Manbo, Bill. Heart Mtn. 18, Mess Hall Fire. 1942-1944, Photograph. Bill Manbo papers, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming.
Manbo, Bill. Heart Mtn. 20, Swimming Hole. 1942-1944, Photograph. Bill Manbo papers, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming.
Manbo, Bill. Heart Mtn. 22, View. 1942-1944, Photograph. Bill Manbo papers, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming. Laramie, Wyoming
Mieth, Hansel. Japanese Americans at the Heart Mountain Relocation Camp. 1942, Photograph. The LIFE Picture Collection/Shutterstock.
Mieth, Hansel. Nisei Japanese-Americans participating in flag saluting ceremony at Heart Mountain relocation center in forced internment during WWII in fear of fifth-column activity aiding Japanese enemy. 1942, Photograph. The LIFE Picture Collection/Shutterstock, www.shutterstock.com/editorial/collections/the-life-picture-collection.
Montana Historical Society. Montana Coal and Iron Company’s Smith Mine, Montana. Photograph. Lot 26 Mining Collection Smith Mine Exterior, Montana Historical Society Research Center Photograph Archives, Helena, Montana.
National Park Service. CCC Portable Camp Buildings – Erection Diagrams. 1936, Drawing. NPS Technical Information Center, Denver, Colorado.
National Postal Museum. “Heart Mountain Postcard.” May 13, 1942, Photograph. World War II Internment Camp Stamps and Mail, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C
Okumoto, Yoshio. Boy Scout Parade. Photograph. Okumoto Collection (ddr-hmwf-1-612), Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, Powell, Wyoming, ddr.densho.org.
Okumoto, Yoshio. Farewell Dinner. January 12, 1945, Photograph. Okumoto Collection (ddr-hmwf-1-554), Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, Powell, Wyoming, ddr.densho.org
Okumoto, Yoshio. Haircut. January 15, 1945, Photograph. Okumoto Collection(ddr-hmwf-1-119), Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, Powell, Wyoming, ddr.densho.org.
Okumoto, Yoshio. Heart Mountain Administration Building. Dec 27, 1944, Photograph. Okumoto Collection (ddr-hmwf-1-205), Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, Powell, Wyoming, ddr.densho.org.
Okumoto, Yoshio. Hole-in-One contest. April 23, 1944, Photograph. Okumoto Collection (ddr-hmwf-221), Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, Powell, Wyoming, ddr.densho.org.
Okumoto, Yoshio. Image of the Courthouse. Photograph. Okumoto Collection (ddr-hmwf-1-122), Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, Powell, Wyoming, ddr.densho.org.
Okumoto, Yoshio. Japanese Policeman, Yoshi Shumato Ht. Mt. Nov 27, 1943, Photograph. Okumoto Collection(ddr-hmwf-1-62), Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, Powell, Wyoming, ddr.densho.org.
Okumoto, Yoshio. Men Playing Bridge. Photograph. Okumoto Collection (ddr-hmwf-1-114), Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, Powell, Wyoming, ddr.densho.org.
Okumoto, Yoshio. Men, women, and children ice skating with barracks in background. Photograph. Grace Kawakami collection (ddr-hmwf-1-480), Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, Powell, Wyoming, ddr.densho.org.
Okumoto, Yoshio. The security fence at Heart Mountain and two guard towers with Heart Mountain in the background. Photograph. Okumoto Collection (ddr-hmwf-1-230), Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, Powell, Wyoming, ddr.densho.org.
Okumoto, Yoshio. View of camp with Heart Mountain in background. Photograph. Okumoto Collection (ddr-hmwf-1-579), Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, Powell, Wyoming, ddr.densho.org.
Parker, Tom. A crew of firemen and volunteer helpers man the fire house in flooding an ice skating rink at the Heart Mountain Relocation Center. 1943, Photograph. War Relocation Authority photographs: Japanese-American evacuation and resettlement, Series 5: Heart Mountain Relocation Center (Heart Mountain, Wyoming), 1942-1945 (WRA no. E-679). The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Parker, Tom. A section of the Winona Housing Project, Burbank, California, where trailer homes are provided for returned evacuees while they are securing permanent homes in and around Los Angeles. November 1945, Photograph. War Relocation Authority photographs: Japanese-American evacuation and resettlement, Series 5: Heart Mountain Relocation Center (Heart Mountain, Wyoming), 1942-1945 (WRA no.478). The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Parker, Tom. An efficient, well equipped fire department is an absolute necessity… September 16, 1942, Photograph. War Relocation Authority photographs: Japanese-American evacuation and resettlement, Series 5: Heart Mountain Relocation Center (Heart Mountain, Wyoming), 1942-1945. The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Parker, Tom. Crates of personal belongings are sorted in the central square at this relocation center. Individual owners identify their belongings and provide addresses for delivery of the crates to their barracks. Sept 19, 1942, Photograph. War Relocation Authority photographs: Japanese-American evacuation and resettlement, Series 5: Heart Mountain Relocation Center (Heart Mountain, Wyoming), 1942-1945. The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Parker, Tom. Dinner is served cafeteria style to young and old in the mess halls at the Heart Mountain Relocation Center. September 23, 1942, Photograph. War Relocation Authority photographs: Japanese-American evacuation and resettlement Series 5: Heart Mountain Relocation Center (Heart Mountain, Wyoming), 1942-1945 (WRA no. E-134 [recto]). The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Parker, Tom. Evening over Heart Mountain Relocation Center.September 19, 1942,Photograph. Heart Mountain, Wyoming. War Relocation Authority photographs: Japanese-American evacuation and resettlement Series 5: Heart Mountain Relocation Center (Heart Mountain, Wyoming), 1942-1945. The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Parker, Tom. Heart Mountain high school campus scene. June 1943, Photograph. War Relocation Authority photographs: Japanese-American evacuation and resettlement, Series 5: Heart Mountain Relocation Center (Heart Mountain, Wyoming), 1942-1945. The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Parker, Tom. In the press room of the Cody Enterprise, Bill Hosokawa, Editor of the Sentinel, Heart Mountain Relocation Center newspaper, grabs the first sheet off the press and scans it for errors. January 8, 1943, Photograph. War Relocation Authority photographs: Japanese-American evacuation and resettlement, Series 5: Heart Mountain Relocation Center (Heart Mountain, Wyoming), 1942-1945. The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Parker, Tom. It Takes Approximately four carloads per day. June 6, 1943, Photograph. War Relocation Authority photographs: Japanese-American evacuation and resettlement, Series 5: Heart Mountain Relocation Center (Heart Mountain, Wyoming), 1942-1945. The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Parker, Tom. The motor pool garage where all motor equipment…, January 9, 1945, Photograph. Heart Mountain, Wyoming. War Relocation Authority photographs: Japanese-American evacuation and resettlement, Series 5: Heart Mountain Relocation Center (Heart Mountain, Wyoming), 1942-1945. The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Parker, Tom. This complicated looking gadget is a standard Japanese typewriter.January 13, 1943, Photograph. War Relocation Authority photographs: Japanese-American evacuation and resettlement, Series 5: Heart Mountain Relocation Center (Heart Mountain, Wyoming), 1942-1945. The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Parker, Tom. Trimming the assembled Sentinel. January 8, 1945, Photograph. War Relocation Authority photographs: Japanese-American evacuation and resettlement, Series 5: Heart Mountain Relocation Center (Heart Mountain, Wyoming), 1942-1945 The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Parker, Tom. Two evacuees play go, a game of military strategy and keen wits, while other evacuees watch. January 1943, Photograph. War Relocation Authority photographs: Japanese-American evacuation and resettlement, Series 5: Heart Mountain Relocation Center (Heart Mountain, Wyoming), 1942-1945. The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Parker, Tom. Visiting soldiers and a USO volunteer worker leaving USO club quarters at Heart Mountain Relocation Center. June 5, 1943, Photograph. War Relocation Authority photographs: Japanese-American evacuation and resettlement, Series 5: Heart Mountain Relocation Center (Heart Mountain, Wyoming), 1942-1945. The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Richard, Jack. Heart Mountain Relocation Center barracks under construction. 1942, Photograph. Jack Richard Photographic collection, McCracken Research Library. Buffalo Bill Center of the West, Cody, Wyoming.
Richard, Jack. Heart Mountain Relocation Center barracks under construction: Ditch for sewer system and barracks of Heart Mountain Relocation Center. 1942, Photograph. Jack Richard Photographic collection, McCracken Research Library. Buffalo Bill Center of the West, Cody, Wyoming.
Scott, Ashley. Henry McIntosh moving half a barracks building to a homestead. c. 1947–1948, Photograph. Cody, Wyoming.
Shimada, Mori. Long line at the movies. 1944, Photograph. Mori Shimada Scrapbook collection, Japanese American National Museum, Los Angeles, California.
Shimada, Mori. 10 baseball players posed in front of a baseball scoreboard. 1942-1945, Photograph. Mori Shimada Scrapbook Collection. Japanese American National Museum, Los Angeles, California.
Tafoya, Renee. Honor Roll erected in 1944 at Heart Mountain Internment Camp honoring camp residents and staff who served in the military during WWII. January 27, 2024, Photograph. Cody, Wyoming.
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. “Methods used in placing and compacting bentonite-earth lining on Heart Mountain Canal, Wyoming,” Canal Lining Manual. 1942, Photograph. CSU Archives and Special Collections, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
USO Club in 23-25S, War Relocation Authority photographs: Japanese-American evacuation and resettlement. June 5, 1943, Photograph. The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Wada, Michihiko. B14–27 Mess Hall Workers. July 29, 1943, Photograph. Mitch Homma Collection, DiscoverNikkei.org.
Wallace, Gordon. Buses line the street at 23rd and Vermont.March 1942, Photograph.Los Angeles Times, May 1, 1942, latimes.com.
Wiltz, Ruth. Black and white photograph of a Japanese man (Ichijiro Yoshida) playing a trumpet. (Object ID: 1992.024.050); Black and white photograph of a man playing a shakuhachi. (Object ID: 1992.024.051). October 3, 1945, Photographs. Wing Luke Museum of the Asian Pacific American Pacific Experience. Seattle, Washington.
Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. “Heart Mountain Chimney Assessment PowerPoint Presentation.” March 2012, Photographs. Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, Powell, Wyoming.
Websites
British Go Association. www.britgo.org.
Gonzalez, David M. “Policing the Camp,” Kokoro Kara. Autumn 2017. www.heartmountain.org/about/news/kokoro-kara-magazine.
Grizzard, Erika L. “World War I Training Camps & Cantonments,” Veteran Voices Military Research. www.veteran-voices.com/training-camps-cantonments/ (last modified April 9, 2019).
History Nebraska. “Marker Monday: German P.O.W. Camp,” Nebraska State Historical Society. www.history.nebraska.gov/marker-monday-german-p-o-w-camp.
Inflation Calculator. www.saving.org
Internment Archives. http://www.internmentarchives.com.
Japanese American Veterans Association.Civilian Exclusion Order No. 1, (March 24, 1942). www.javadc.org/java/docs/
Keith, Brian. “WW II U.S. Army No. 5 Range,” U.S. Militaria Forum. September 7, 2015. www.usmilitariaforum.com/forums/index.php?/topic/249258-ww-ii-us-army-no-5-range.
King, Ray C. “We Are the Fortunate Few,” The Reclamation Era. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation California-Great-Basin Digital Library. July 1948. www.usbr.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15911coll27
Robeson, Robert L. Biography of Robert L. Robeson, NACCA National Secretary, CCC Man, Company 1852, Camp Wapiti, Wyoming. James F. Justin Civil Conservation Museum. www.justinmuseum.com/oralbio/robesonbio.html.
The Shoshoni Project, Bureau of Reclamation. www.usbr.gov/Projects/index.php?id=422.
Stearn, Nancy.“Birds Eye View,” Wyoming Breezes, July 6, 2011. www.wyomingbreezes.blogspot.com/2011/07/birds-eye-view.html, (accessed 06-06-2014).
The Shoshoni Project, Bureau of Reclamation. www.usbr.gov/Projects/index.php?id=422.
TY Engineering and Design. www.ty-eng.com.
U.S. Energy Information Administration. www.eia.gov.
United Service Organizations. www.uso.org
Weather Underground. “Historical Weather.” www.wunderground.com/history.
Wikimedia Foundation, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. www.wikipedia.org.
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Government Agencies
335th Military Police Escort Guard Company, Amache, Colorado, Seventh Service Command to Commanding Officer, (October 20, 1943), National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland.
Federal Property Resources Service. Fixed Asset Inventory, Heart Mountain Relocation Center, Heart Mountain Wyoming. December 1, 1945. Real Property Case Files 1944-46, accession: 8NS-291-90-018. National Archives at Denver, Colorado.
Federal Property Resources Service. Fixed Asset Inventory, Heart Mountain Relocation Center, Heart Mountain Wyoming. December 1, 1945. Other Investments: Account No. 39, Item No. 16. National Archives at Denver, Colorado.
Federal Property Resources Service. Fixed Asset Inventory, Heart Mountain Relocation Center, Heart Mountain Wyoming. December 1, 1945. Buildings – Account No. 35, Item Nos. 121-138. National Archives at Denver, Colorado.
Headquarters 106 Infantry Division, APO #433, Report of Activities to Commanding General, 106th Infantry Division APO #443, US Army, (July 1, 1945). www.indianamilitary.org/106ID/Reports/44-106thActivities-7-1-1945/106thActivitiesRpt-7-1-1945.htm.
Heart Mountain Irrigation District, Powell, WY.
Interior Department Appropriation Act, 1947. (Act of July 1, 1946, ch. 529, 60 Stat. 348), p. 830. Volume II. www.usbr.gov/library/bluebooks/volume2.pdf
Military Personnel Records. Chester A. Blackburn. National Archives at St. Louis, Missouri. www.archives.gov/st-louis.
National Archives and Records Administration. “Completion Report,” Heart Mountain Relocation Center, Corps of Engineers U.S. Army, September 22, 1942, Office of the Chief Engineer File: Heart Mountain Relocation Center Construction Completion Report, Box 45, Location 370/53/16/1, p. 25. Washington, D.C.
National Archives and Records Administration. “Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Honolulu, Hawaii compiled 02/13/1900 – 12/31/1953,” Record Group85, National Archives Microfilm Publication: A3422, Roll: 002, Record Group Title: Records of Immigration and Naturalization Services. Washington, D.C.
National Archives and Records Administration. “Summary of Heart Mountain Relocation Center Closing Roster,” (November 10, 1945). Final Accountability Rosters of Evacuees at Relocation Centers, 1944-46, Record Group 210, Microfilm Publications M1865, Roll 5, Volumes I and II. Washington, D.C.
National Archives and Records Administration. Barracks, Type B-A-T, Plans, Elevations and Sections, 700-5500-01, War Department, Office of the Chief of Engineers Construction Division, (June 22, 1942). Washington, D.C.
National Archives and Records Administration. Final Accounting Roster of the Relocation Centers 1944-46, Microfilm Publication M1865 (Roll 5: Heart Mountain November 1945, Target 2, Volume I), RG210: Records of the War Relocation Authority. Washington, D.C.
National Archives and Records Administration. Headquarters Military Police Camp, Amache, Colorado, Special Order 63, (October 22, 1943). College Park, Maryland.
National Archives. Elementary school enrollment and areas: Matrix showing space allocations to classrooms by grade level and building, 1942. Dec. 1943. Folder 43.508 #1 Box 317, Entry No. 16 (Subject-Classified Files Headquarters). Record Group 210. National Archives, Washington, D.C.
National Archives. Fixed Asset Inventory, Heart Mountain Relocation Center, Heart Mountain Wyoming, (December 1, 1945). Other Investments – Account 39, Item 7, Federal Property Resources Service, National Archives at Denver, Colorado.
National Archives. Plan of typical barrack used as a school classroom, Heart Mountain, 1942. Dec. 1944. War Relocation Authority Architectural Drawing. Folder 43.508 #1 Box 317, Entry No. 16 (Subject-Classified Files Headquarters). Record Group 210. National Archives, Washington, D.C.
National Personnel Records Center. Joseph C. Robbers, SN 0129637. National Archives and Records Administration. archives.gov/personnel-records-center. St. Louis, Missouri.
Petition for Naturalization in the California U.S. Federal Records 1843-1999. U.S. District Court, Los Angeles, CA, Filed under 316, No.236125, Koko Serisawa, January 5, 1962. Los Angeles, California.
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Methods used in placing and compacting bentonite-earth lining on Heart Mountain Canal, Wyoming, 1942. Canal Lining Manual, CSU Archives and Special Collections, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. Shoshone Reclamation Project, Wyoming, Heart Mountain Division, General Location Map, Sept 18, 1946, 5Y-5486. Billings, Montana.
U.S. Department of Justice, Immigration and Naturalization Services, Manifest of Inbound Passengers (alien), sailing from Yokohama, Japan aboard S.S. President Cleveland on October 18, 1951 to San Francisco, California arriving October 30, 1951, line 10. Washington, D.C.
U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. National Historic Landmark Nomination: Heart Mountain Relocation Center, (Denver, CO, 2004). Washington, D.C.
U.S. Department of the Interior. Leveling Ground Surface at the Heart Mountain Camp, March 1953. Contract specification: Shoshone Spec. No. 601C-33, Bureau of Reclamation, Shoshone Project, WYO, Heart Mountain Camp, Location map 26-601-793. Contributed to the authors by Jerry Leggate, Great Plains Region, Bureau of Reclamation. Billings, Montana.
U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Manzanar Camp Layout. Manzanar National Historic Site. nps.gov/articles/000/manzanar-camp-layout.htm. Washington, D.C.
U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, National Historic Landmark Nomination: Heart Mountain Relocation Center. NPS Form 10-900.85003167_NHL.pdf. Washington, D.C.
US Army Corps of Engineers. Office of the Chief Engineer File: Heart Mountain Relocation Center Construction Completion Report. Heart Mountain Relocation Center, Corps of Engineers U.S. Army, September 22, 1942. National Archives and Records Administration. Washington, D.C.
War Department, Army Service Forces. Office of the Provost Martial General to Seventh Service Command, (October 13, 1943), National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland.
War Relocation Authority. Project Memorandum: J.V. Ryan to All Appointed Personnel, (January 8, 1946). Japanese American Evacuation and Resettlement Records, BANC MSS 67/14 c, folder M1.13. The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Bernard Murphy and James Murphy 